To address ethical difficulties in denying services, agencies may use alternative evaluation methods such as:

To address ethical difficulties in denying services, agencies may use alternative evaluation methods such as:

• A. Quasi-scientific methods
• B. Single-subject method
• C. Both quasi-scientific methods and single-subject method
• D. Randomized controlled trials

Answer: (C)

Evaluating service effectiveness while upholding the obligation to provide care pushes agencies toward research designs that don’t require withholding treatment. Quasi-experimental methods, such as interrupted time-series or non-equivalent control groups, offer credible evidence by examining changes over time or comparing similar groups without random assignment. The single-subject method focuses on detailed, repeated measurements for individuals, using systematic changes or multiple replications to demonstrate that the intervention produced a real effect. Together, these approaches give meaningful outcomes data while keeping services available to clients, which is why they’re used as ethical alternatives to randomized trials.

Evaluating service effectiveness while upholding the obligation to provide care pushes agencies toward research designs that don’t require withholding treatment. Quasi-experimental methods, such as interrupted time-series or non-equivalent control groups, offer credible evidence by examining changes over time or comparing similar groups without random assignment. The single-subject method focuses on detailed, repeated measurements for individuals, using systematic changes or multiple replications to demonstrate that the intervention produced a real effect. Together, these approaches give meaningful outcomes data while keeping services available to clients, which is why they’re used as ethical alternatives to randomized trials.